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GNDU Question Paper-2021

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

COMPUTER APPLICATION

(Internet & Web Designing)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 75

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. What is a bulletin board service? Discuss their evolution and their becoming less

popular these days.

2. Discuss the beginning and the rise of the internet. Also, discuss its role in daily life.

SECTION-B

3. How email was started and popularized ? Discuss different parts of an email and various

email services popular nowadays.

4. Discuss the working of following http methods: GET, HEAD, POST. PUT, DELETE, TRACE,

OPTIONS, CONNECT and PATCH. Which of These methods are called safe? And why?

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SECTION-C

5. What is "FTP" protocol and where is it located in TCP/IP protocol stack? Discuss its

variants and security issues relevant to FTP.

6. What do you mean by "web designing?" Discuss and compare various platforms used

for web designing.

SECTION-D

7. What is a website? Discuss its importance in current scenario. Write and explain the

steps in designing and developing a simple website.

8. Discuss the use of following in HTML script:

(I) Style attributes

(ii) Text formatting elements

(iii) Table tag.

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GNDU Answer Paper-2021

Ba/BSc 5

Semester

COMPUTER APPLICATION

(Internet & Web Designing)

Time Allowed: 3 Hrs. Maximum Marks: 75

Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The

Fifth question may be attempted from any section.

SECTION-A

1. What is a bulletin board service? Discuss their evolution and their becoming less

popular these days.

Ans: A Bulletin Board Service (BBS) is an early form of online communication that allowed

users to connect, share messages, and exchange files using a computer, modem, and

telephone lines. These systems were particularly popular in the late 1970s through the

1990s, providing one of the first platforms for digital interaction before the internet as we

know it today emerged.

What is a BBS?

A BBS is essentially a server that individuals could dial into using a modem and phone line.

Once connected, users could post and read public messages, send private messages, and

download or upload files. Some BBSs also supported multiplayer text-based games, which

helped to foster a sense of community among users. The system was mostly popular with

computer hobbyists, given the technical knowledge required to operate modems and

computers in the early days.

The first BBS, named "CBBS" (Computerized Bulletin Board System), was created by Ward

Christensen and Randy Suess in 1978. It was built to help their local computer hobbyist

group communicate during a snowstorm, and the idea quickly spread among the tech

community, eventually leading to the proliferation of BBS systems across the world

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Evolution of Bulletin Board Services

During the early days of BBSs, they primarily functioned as local communities. Since users

dialed in using phone lines, most BBSs served small, regional groups. However, as the

technology developed and the modems became more advanced, the popularity of BBSs

grew. In the 1980s, BBS systems evolved to include more sophisticated features, such as file

sharing, online games, and even graphics using ANSI text.

By the mid-1980s, networking technologies like Fidonet allowed different BBSs to connect

with each other, enabling users to communicate across regions. This interconnection of

BBSs allowed for the creation of large, global networks, where users could share

information and participate in discussions across continents. Fidonet, one of the most

popular BBS networks, had over 35,000 nodes by the mid-1990s

With the rise of the World Wide Web in the early 1990s, BBS systems began transitioning to

online platforms. The introduction of graphical browsers, such as Mosaic in 1993,

significantly boosted internet usage, as it provided a more user-friendly interface than the

text-based systems previously used on BBS platforms

This period saw a gradual decline in the use of traditional BBS systems as internet forums,

websites, and email became more accessible to everyday users.

Why BBS Became Less Popular

There are several reasons why BBS systems declined in popularity by the late 1990s and

early 2000s:

1. The Growth of the Internet: The internet's rapid expansion in the 1990s made it

easier to access global information quickly, without the need to dial into individual

BBS systems. The World Wide Web offered more functionality and broader access to

information than the smaller, isolated communities found in most BBSs.

2. Graphical User Interfaces: Early BBS systems were text-based, which required users

to have some technical expertise. The internet, especially with the advent of

graphical browsers, made online navigation more intuitive and visually appealing,

attracting a wider audience than BBS could.

3. Social Media and Forums: Platforms like MySpace, Facebook, and Reddit provided

features similar to BBSs but on a much larger scale. These platforms allowed users to

connect with larger audiences, with better tools for discussion and multimedia

sharing, diminishing the need for the text-based, modulated connection of BBS

systems

4. Faster Connectivity: Modem speeds on BBS systems were slow compared to the

internet. Transferring large files via a BBS could take hours, whereas the internet's

faster speeds allowed for more immediate file sharing and communication

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The Legacy of BBS

Despite their decline, BBS systems laid the groundwork for many online communication

platforms we use today. Forums, online communities, and even social media platforms

share much in common with BBSs in terms of how they facilitate user interaction,

messaging, and file sharing. In fact, some niche BBS systems still exist today, serving

communities that value the simplicity and focus of BBS communication compared to the

noise of larger, modern platforms.

In conclusion, while BBS systems may no longer be as prevalent as they were in the past,

their impact on the digital world cannot be overstated. They were pioneers of online

communication, and their spirit lives on in the online communities we participate in today

2. Discuss the beginning and the rise of the internet. Also, discuss its role in daily life.

Ans: The Beginning and Rise of the Internet

The Internet's development is deeply rooted in scientific research and military needs. The

story began in the late 1950s during the Cold War, driven by fears of a Soviet attack on the

U.S. telephone system. In response, the U.S. Department of Defense created the Advanced

Research Projects Agency (ARPA) to spearhead technological innovations that would make

communication resilient. By the 1960s, ARPA initiated a project that would later evolve into

the Internet, called ARPANET, a network of computers designed to withstand potential

attacks by using decentralized connections. The first successful communication on ARPANET

occurred in 1969 when computers at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and

Stanford exchanged the simple message “LOGIN,” though the system crashed after

transmitting just two letters.

The key innovation that enabled ARPANET’s success was packet switching, a method of

breaking down data into small packets before sending it across the network. This invention

ensured that communication could be re-routed around damaged sections of the network,

thus maintaining connectivity. By the mid-1970s, the transmission of data between

computers had become more seamless, thanks to Vinton Cerf and Bob Kahn, who

introduced Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP)—the foundational

protocol still in use today

The Internet we know today didn’t emerge until the early 1990s when Tim Berners-Lee, a

computer scientist at CERN, introduced the World Wide Web (WWW). This new system

allowed people to link documents and access information through web browsers like

Mosaic, which later became Netscape

. By the mid-1990s, the World Wide Web had revolutionized global communication, leading

to the development of websites, search engines, and commercial platforms.

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The Role of the Internet in Daily Life

Today, the Internet is indispensable in almost every facet of daily life. Its influence touches

various aspects, including communication, shopping, education, entertainment, and even

social relationships. According to Pew Research, activities such as paying bills, buying tickets,

shopping for groceries, and even making appointments have migrated online. For instance,

55% of Internet users buy tickets for movies or events online, and 44% handle banking and

bill payments digitally

The Internet also plays a critical role in entertainment. Over 46% of users engage in online

gaming, and 23% listen to music or radio through the Internet

Streaming services, podcasts, and platforms like YouTube offer vast sources of

entertainment and learning. In addition, social media platforms like Facebook, Instagram,

and Twitter have drastically altered how people interact with each other and consume

news. These platforms allow for instant sharing of photos, updates, and personal

milestones, fostering a sense of global interconnectedness.

The Internet and Work

The Internet has transformed the professional landscape, too. Remote work, online

collaboration tools, and virtual meetings are now common in many industries. Workers can

collaborate across countries, share files in real-time, and connect via video conferencing

tools like Zoom or Microsoft Teams. This flexibility has made global collaboration easier,

reduced travel costs, and improved productivity.

E-commerce is another sector dramatically reshaped by the Internet. Companies like

Amazon and eBay have revolutionized how people shop. Consumers can now browse and

purchase products from around the world with just a few clicks

Social and Political Impacts

On a broader societal level, the Internet has democratized information access. News,

scholarly articles, and data are available to anyone with an Internet connection. However,

this comes with its own challenges, such as the spread of misinformation, echo chambers,

and privacy concerns. Social media algorithms, designed to keep users engaged, can

sometimes trap individuals in "filter bubbles," where they only see content aligned with

their beliefs

Governments worldwide have also had to adjust to the rise of the Internet, especially

regarding issues like cybersecurity and digital privacy. As more activities and services move

online, the importance of securing personal data becomes paramount. Cyberattacks,

identity theft, and data breaches are some of the new threats that have emerged

Internet of Things (IoT) and Future Developments

The Internet continues to evolve, and one of the next big frontiers is the Internet of Things

(IoT)—the interconnection of everyday devices through the Internet. From smartwatches to

refrigerators, many devices are now Internet-enabled, creating new opportunities and

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challenges. The IoT is expected to grow exponentially in the coming years, with an

estimated 30 billion devices connected by 2030

. This will have profound implications for home automation, healthcare, and even city

management, as devices become more integrated into the infrastructure of daily life.

However, this increase in connectivity also raises concerns about data security. The more

devices that connect to the Internet, the greater the risk of data breaches and cyberattacks.

Governments and tech companies are working to address these issues through regulation

and innovation

Conclusion

The Internet has come a long way since its inception in the late 1960s. What began as a

military project has now evolved into a global network that touches nearly every aspect of

human life. From communication and commerce to entertainment and education, the

Internet is a powerful tool that continues to shape the modern world. As technology

progresses, the Internet will likely play an even more prominent role in society, driving

innovation, connecting people, and transforming industries. However, with these

advancements come new challenges, especially in areas of security, privacy, and the ethical

use of data.

SECTION-B

3. How email was started and popularized ? Discuss different parts of an email and various

email services popular nowadays.

Ans: Introduction to the History of Email and Its Rise

Email, a cornerstone of modern communication, began its journey in the early 1970s. The

very first email system was designed by Ray Tomlinson, a computer engineer working on

ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network). He introduced the "@" symbol to

separate user names from host addresses, which marked the birth of email as we know it.

At first, email was limited to academic and governmental organizations, but it quickly grew

in popularity, becoming essential in the world of digital communication

The introduction of email protocols like SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) in the 1980s

enabled different computer systems to communicate, enhancing the versatility of email. In

the mid-1990s, the first web-based email services—like Hotmail and RocketMail (later

Yahoo Mail)—were launched, making email accessible to everyday users with internet

connections

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How Email Became Popular

The popularity of email skyrocketed in the 1990s as the internet expanded globally. The

convenience of web-based email services, such as Hotmail, Yahoo Mail, and AOL, allowed

users to access their inboxes from any computer, further driving the use of email for both

personal and professional communication

Microsoft Outlook and Gmail later entered the scene, providing advanced features and

greater flexibility for users. Outlook integrated email with calendar and task management,

while Gmail introduced a more streamlined, user-friendly interface. These platforms

introduced innovative features like spam filtering, organization tools (labels, filters), and

extensive storage capacity, cementing email as a primary communication tool in both

businesses and personal use

The Key Parts of an Email

Emails consist of several essential parts, each playing a crucial role in the overall

communication process. Understanding these components is important for both effective

communication and professionalism.

1. Sender and Recipient: The email starts with the "From" field, identifying the sender,

and the "To" field, listing the recipient. You can also send emails to multiple

recipients using the CC (Carbon Copy) and BCC (Blind Carbon Copy) fields, which

allow you to include others in the conversation without directly addressing them

2. Subject Line: The subject line is one of the most critical parts of an email because it

gives recipients a quick insight into the email's content. A well-crafted subject line

can dramatically increase the chances of the email being opened. It should be

concise and directly related to the message

3. Preheader: Often overlooked, the preheader is a snippet that follows the subject line

in many email clients. It serves as a brief summary or teaser of the email content,

especially useful on mobile devices

4. Salutation: The salutation sets the tone for the email. Whether formal or casual, it

helps personalize the communication and makes it more approachable(

5. Body of the Email: This is the main content area where the message is conveyed.

The body should be clear, concise, and relevant to the subject. It's important to

break long messages into shorter paragraphs for readability, especially since many

emails are read on mobile devices

6. Attachments: Attachments provide additional information or files to supplement the

message. It's important to ensure that attachments are relevant, properly labeled,

and sized appropriately, as large files may be difficult to download

7. Call to Action (CTA): If the email requires the recipient to perform an action (like

replying, clicking a link, or purchasing something), the call to action should be clear

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and compelling. It often appears in a button or bolded text, prompting users to take

the next step

8. Signature: The email signature typically includes the sender's name, job title,

company information, and contact details. A well-designed signature reinforces

professionalism and makes it easy for recipients to get in touch(

9. Footer: The footer may include legal disclaimers, unsubscribe links (especially in

marketing emails), or additional contact information

Popular Email Services Today

Many email services are available today, each offering unique features that cater to

different user needs:

1. Gmail: Google's email service is one of the most popular, boasting over 1.5 billion

users. It offers 15 GB of free storage, excellent spam filtering, and integration with

Google's suite of apps like Drive, Calendar, and Meet. Gmail’s simple, organized

interface makes it a favorite for both personal and business use(

2. Outlook: Microsoft's email platform is heavily used in corporate environments due

to its robust features, including calendar integration, task management, and

advanced security features. It also syncs seamlessly with other Microsoft Office

applications

3. Yahoo Mail: Once one of the most widely used webmail services, Yahoo Mail still has

a loyal user base. It offers 1 TB of free storage and a customizable interface

4. Apple Mail: Apple’s built-in email client is popular among macOS and iOS users. It

integrates well with other Apple services and provides a clean, minimalist design(

5. ProtonMail: For users focused on privacy and security, ProtonMail offers end-to-end

encryption, ensuring that only the sender and recipient can read the email contents.

It’s widely respected for its commitment to protecting user data

6. Zoho Mail: This service is popular among businesses for its ad-free environment,

advanced collaboration tools, and integration with Zoho’s business suite. It's a good

option for startups and small businesses

Conclusion

Email has evolved from a simple messaging system to a sophisticated and indispensable tool

in modern communication. From Ray Tomlinson’s early work on ARPANET to today’s

advanced services like Gmail and Outlook, email continues to be central to personal and

professional life. Whether communicating with family, managing business operations, or

keeping up with daily tasks, email remains one of the most versatile and powerful tools of

the digital age

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4. Discuss the working of following http methods: GET, HEAD, POST. PUT, DELETE, TRACE,

OPTIONS, CONNECT and PATCH. Which of These methods are called safe? And why?

Ans: HTTP Methods Explained (GET, HEAD, POST, PUT, DELETE, TRACE, OPTIONS, CONNECT,

PATCH)

HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) is the foundation of web communication, allowing

clients (like browsers) and servers to interact. HTTP defines several methods, or "verbs,"

that specify the type of action the client wants the server to perform. These methods each

serve different purposes and help in sending or receiving data.

Let’s explore each HTTP method in simple terms:

1. GET Method

The GET method is used to request data from a specified resource on the server. When you

visit a website, your browser sends a GET request to the server to fetch the web page. It is

typically used for retrieving data without altering any server resources.

• Characteristics:

o It retrieves data from the server.

o Data sent in a GET request is visible in the URL (like search parameters in

Google).

o GET requests can be cached and bookmarked.

o It is limited in the amount of data it can send, typically restricted to around

2048 characters.

o It’s a safe method, meaning it does not alter data on the server.

2. HEAD Method

The HEAD method functions similarly to GET but only retrieves the headers of a resource,

without the actual body (content). This can be used to check if a resource exists or get

metadata without downloading the whole content.

• Characteristics:

o It is faster because it retrieves just the headers.

o Useful for checking if a resource is available before making a GET request.

o It is also safe and idempotent (repeated requests have the same result).

3. POST Method

The POST method is used to submit data to be processed to the server, such as when filling

out a form on a website. Unlike GET, POST sends data in the body of the request rather than

the URL.

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• Characteristics:

o It can handle large amounts of data.

o Data is sent securely in the body (especially with HTTPS).

o Commonly used for sending sensitive data or uploading files.

o It is not safe because it can change server data, and it’s not idempotent,

meaning repeated submissions can have different outcomes (like multiple

form submissions).

4. PUT Method

The PUT method is used to update an existing resource on the server or create a new

resource if it doesn’t exist. This method is often used in RESTful APIs for updating

information.

• Characteristics:

o Used for updating or replacing existing data.

o It is idempotent, meaning sending the same PUT request multiple times

results in the same outcome.

o It is not safe, as it changes the server’s data.

5. DELETE Method

The DELETE method removes the specified resource from the server. For example, in a blog,

it could be used to delete a post.

• Characteristics:

o It deletes resources.

o Like PUT, it is idempotent because deleting something twice has the same

effect as deleting it once.

o Not safe, as it changes the state of the server.

6. TRACE Method

The TRACE method is mainly used for debugging purposes. It sends the received request

back to the client so that the client can see if the request has been altered by intermediate

servers.

• Characteristics:

o Used for diagnostic purposes to track how requests are processed by servers.

o Safe and idempotent, but rarely used in modern web development due to

security concerns.

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7. OPTIONS Method

The OPTIONS method requests information about the communication options available for

a specific resource or server. It checks what HTTP methods the server supports.

• Characteristics:

o It tells what methods (GET, POST, etc.) can be used with a resource.

o Safe and idempotent since it doesn’t change any data.

8. CONNECT Method

CONNECT establishes a two-way connection (or tunnel) between the client and the target

server, commonly used for SSL (HTTPS) connections.

• Characteristics:

o Used to establish a tunnel for secure communication (SSL).

o Not safe or idempotent, as it opens a persistent connection, often used for

encrypted traffic.

9. PATCH Method

PATCH is similar to PUT, but instead of replacing a full resource, it is used to update only

certain parts of the resource. For example, changing just one field in a database entry

without affecting other fields.

• Characteristics:

o Used for partial updates to a resource.

o Not safe, and typically not idempotent (depends on implementation).

Safe vs. Unsafe Methods

• Safe Methods: GET, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE are considered safe because they

are designed to be read-only operations, meaning they do not modify server data.

• Unsafe Methods: POST, PUT, DELETE, CONNECT, and PATCH are unsafe because they

alter server data or its state. For example, submitting a form (POST), deleting an

article (DELETE), or updating a record (PATCH) are all actions that change server-side

information.

Conclusion

Understanding the different HTTP methods is crucial for web development, especially when

dealing with APIs or server-side operations. Safe methods like GET and OPTIONS are useful

for retrieving information without risk, while methods like POST and DELETE should be

handled with care since they modify server data. Ensuring correct usage of these methods is

key to building robust and secure web applications.

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SECTION-C

5. What is "FTP" protocol and where is it located in TCP/IP protocol stack? Discuss its

variants and security issues relevant to FTP.

Ans: FTP (File Transfer Protocol) is a standard network protocol that facilitates the transfer

of files between a client and a server over the internet. It was first introduced in the 1970s

and is still widely used today, especially in website management and data sharing. However,

while it remains a crucial tool for many web developers and administrators, its security

issues and lack of encryption have led to the development of safer alternatives like FTPS and

SFTP.

How FTP Works

FTP operates on the application layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack, alongside other protocols

like HTTP and SMTP. It establishes two connections between the client and server:

1. Command Channel: This handles communication, sending commands such as file

upload or download requests.

2. Data Channel: This is responsible for the actual transfer of files between the client

and the server.

To connect to an FTP server, you need access credentials (username and password), unless

the server supports anonymous FTP, which allows access without credentials but comes

with security risks.

FTP also operates in two modes:

• Active Mode: The client opens a port and waits for the server to initiate the data

connection. This method may be blocked by firewalls.

• Passive Mode: The client establishes both the command and data connections,

avoiding firewall issues by controlling both connections.

Types of FTP

FTP comes in several variants, primarily focusing on enhancing security:

1. FTP Plain: The standard form of FTP, it transfers data in plain text without

encryption, which makes it vulnerable to attacks.

2. FTPS (FTP Secure): Adds a layer of security by incorporating SSL (Secure Socket

Layer) or TLS (Transport Layer Security) encryption. This ensures that the data

transferred between the client and server is encrypted and secure from interception.

3. FTPES (FTP over Explicit TLS/SSL): An extension of FTPS, it starts as a plain FTP

connection and upgrades to an encrypted connection using TLS/SSL. FTPES is more

firewall-friendly and provides a flexible option for secure communication.

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4. SFTP (SSH File Transfer Protocol): Unlike FTPS and FTPES, SFTP doesn’t need two

channels (command and data). It operates over a single encrypted channel using SSH

(Secure Shell). This makes it a more secure and streamlined option for file transfers.

Security Issues in FTP

While FTP is useful for transferring large files and managing websites, it comes with

significant security concerns, primarily because it does not encrypt the data being

transferred. This leaves the files and login credentials vulnerable to:

• Eavesdropping: Attackers can intercept FTP communications, obtaining sensitive

information like usernames, passwords, and the files themselves.

• Man-in-the-Middle Attacks: Since FTP sends data in plain text, it’s possible for an

attacker to alter the data in transit without either the client or server knowing.

• Unauthorized Access: Public FTP servers or anonymous FTP are often easy targets

for unauthorized users to access or upload malicious files.

Given these issues, the original FTP is not recommended for sensitive data transfers.

Instead, modern alternatives like FTPS and SFTP should be used to provide encryption and

prevent these vulnerabilities.

Location in the TCP/IP Protocol Stack

FTP is part of the Application Layer in the TCP/IP protocol stack, which is the top layer. This

layer is responsible for handling all high-level communication protocols that deal with the

end-user applications, such as HTTP, SMTP (email), and FTP. Beneath the application layer

are the Transport Layer (which includes protocols like TCP and UDP), the Network Layer, and

the Link Layer, each responsible for different aspects of communication over a network.

FTP in Modern Usage

Despite its security flaws, FTP remains widely used in web development, especially for:

• Uploading website files from a local machine to a web server.

• Downloading large files or backups from a server to a local system.

• Transferring data between networked systems in a business environment.

To use FTP, developers and system administrators often rely on FTP clients like FileZilla or

Cyberduck, which simplify the process of connecting to an FTP server, managing files, and

ensuring that transfers run smoothly. These clients provide user-friendly interfaces and

additional features like file synchronization and batch transfers, making them more efficient

than using command-line FTP.

Conclusion

FTP is a fundamental protocol that plays an important role in file transfer and web

development. However, its lack of security features means that it should be used cautiously,

especially when handling sensitive data. Alternatives like FTPS and SFTP provide encrypted

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and more secure methods of transferring files, reducing the risk of cyberattacks. As

technology evolves, the continued use of FTP should be weighed against these alternatives,

with security being a top priority for users transferring data over the internet

6. What do you mean by "web designing?" Discuss and compare various platforms used

for web designing.

Ans: Web Designing: An Overview and Platform Comparison

What is Web Designing?

Web designing is the process of creating the visual layout, structure, and functionality of

websites. It involves a combination of skills and tools to develop a user-friendly, visually

appealing, and functional online experience. The main elements of web design include

layout, color schemes, typography, graphics, and responsive design, which ensures that

websites function well across different devices and screen sizes. A well-designed website

improves user engagement, enhances navigation, and ensures the website's objectives—

whether for business, e-commerce, or information sharing—are met efficiently.

Web designers work closely with web developers to turn these designs into functional

websites using various coding languages such as HTML, CSS, and JavaScript. However, with

advancements in web design technology, several platforms have made it possible for

individuals without deep technical knowledge to create websites easily. Let’s explore and

compare these platforms.

Popular Web Design Platforms

The landscape of web design platforms is vast, with different tools offering various features

suited to the needs of businesses, individuals, or developers. Below are some popular

platforms categorized into two types: subscription-based platforms and non-subscription-

based platforms.

1. WordPress (Non-subscription-based)

WordPress is a content management system (CMS) used by millions of websites worldwide.

Initially built for blogging, it has grown to support various website types, from personal

blogs to e-commerce platforms and large corporate websites like CNN and The New York

Times.

• Advantages: WordPress is free and open-source, providing flexibility for users to

control every aspect of their website. There are over 60,000 plugins available for

enhancing functionality, such as adding SEO tools, contact forms, and more. It also

offers thousands of themes for customizable designs, suitable for beginners and

professionals alike.

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• Drawbacks: Although free, users must pay for hosting, a domain name, and some

premium plugins or themes. Additionally, it has a slight learning curve, especially for

users unfamiliar with website management

2. Wix (Subscription-based)

Wix is one of the leading subscription-based website builders, known for its user-friendly

interface and drag-and-drop functionality, allowing even non-technical users to create

websites easily.

• Advantages: Wix offers a range of templates and design flexibility with built-in SEO

tools, e-commerce functionality, and integrated security features. It’s ideal for small

businesses, bloggers, and portfolio sites, offering hosting as part of the subscription.

• Drawbacks: Although it’s easy to use, customization options are somewhat limited

compared to open-source platforms like WordPress. Plus, advanced developers

might find the platform too restrictive for their needs

3. Squarespace (Subscription-based)

Squarespace is another popular subscription-based platform, known for its sleek,

professional designs and high-quality templates. It caters primarily to businesses, creatives,

and e-commerce websites.

• Advantages: Squarespace is all-in-one, offering templates that are mobile-

responsive, built-in e-commerce capabilities, and SSL certificates for security. Its

design tools are also top-notch, making it easier for users to create visually appealing

websites.

• Drawbacks: Squarespace is more expensive than some other platforms, and while it

offers great design features, it may not have as many customization options as

WordPress or Drupal

4. Shopify (Subscription-based)

Shopify is a dedicated e-commerce platform designed to help businesses build online stores.

It's a go-to choice for businesses wanting to manage products, payments, and shipping from

one dashboard.

• Advantages: Shopify is ideal for building e-commerce websites with its wide range of

templates and built-in payment processing. It also supports various plugins that can

extend the functionality of the store.

• Drawbacks: While Shopify excels at e-commerce, it may not be as flexible for other

types of websites. Additionally, there are transaction fees unless users use Shopify

Payments

5. Adobe Dreamweaver (Non-subscription-based)

Dreamweaver by Adobe is a popular platform among professional web designers and

developers who want to combine a visual design interface with coding capabilities.

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• Advantages: Dreamweaver offers advanced tools for creating both static and

dynamic websites, allowing users to edit HTML, CSS, and JavaScript directly. It’s great

for those who have some coding knowledge and want full control over their website

design.

• Drawbacks: Dreamweaver requires some familiarity with coding, making it less user-

friendly for beginners. It’s also a paid software, and unlike WordPress or Wix, there

are no free versions available

6. Drupal & Joomla (Non-subscription-based)

Both Drupal and Joomla are open-source CMS platforms, similar to WordPress, but they

cater to more advanced users or developers.

• Advantages: These platforms offer more control and customization options, making

them a great choice for complex websites. They are also highly secure and have large

developer communities for support.

• Drawbacks: Both Drupal and Joomla have steeper learning curves compared to

WordPress and Wix, making them less ideal for beginners

Comparing the Platforms

When comparing these platforms, it’s essential to consider the needs of the website and the

skill level of the user.

• User-friendliness: For non-technical users, Wix and Squarespace stand out due to

their simple drag-and-drop features and minimal learning curve. Shopify is the go-to

for those building e-commerce websites with minimal technical involvement.

• Customization and Flexibility: For developers or advanced users, WordPress, Drupal,

and Joomla offer more customization and control, making them ideal for those who

want to build highly functional websites.

• Cost: While WordPress is free, it comes with hosting and premium plugin costs. On

the other hand, subscription-based platforms like Wix and Squarespace bundle

hosting and security in their pricing but may become expensive over time.

• E-commerce: Shopify excels in e-commerce, while WordPress with WooCommerce

can also be used for online stores with more control over customization.

Conclusion

Choosing the right web design platform depends on the specific needs of the project, the

level of control required, and the user's technical expertise. Platforms like Wix, Squarespace,

and Shopify are user-friendly and great for small businesses, while WordPress, Drupal, and

Joomla are powerful tools for developers and those looking for greater customization. Each

platform has its strengths and weaknesses, so understanding the project’s requirements is

key to selecting the right tool for web design

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SECTION-D

7. What is a website? Discuss its importance in current scenario. Write and explain the

steps in designing and developing a simple website.

Ans: What is a Website?

A website is a collection of interconnected web pages typically under a single domain name,

accessible via the internet. These web pages contain information in the form of text, images,

videos, and interactive elements. Websites serve various purposes, such as providing

information, promoting businesses, selling products or services, offering entertainment, or

creating social communities.

Websites are vital in today's digital age because they enable communication and interaction

on a global scale. They are platforms where businesses can connect with customers,

individuals can share knowledge, and organizations can offer services. Essentially, a website

is a digital representation of an entity, whether it's a business, government, or individual,

allowing it to be accessible to anyone with an internet connection.

Importance of Websites in the Current Scenario

In the modern world, websites play a critical role for several reasons:

1. Global Reach and Accessibility: Websites are accessible to anyone with an internet

connection, allowing businesses and individuals to reach a global audience. This is

particularly important for businesses that want to expand beyond their local

markets.

2. 24/7 Availability: Unlike physical stores or offices, websites are always available.

Customers can browse products, seek information, and even make purchases at any

time, making them highly convenient.

3. Business Credibility: Having a professional website adds credibility to businesses.

Customers often judge the legitimacy of a business based on its online presence. A

well-designed website builds trust and enhances brand reputation.

4. Cost-Effective Marketing: Websites are one of the most cost-effective marketing

tools available today. They allow businesses to showcase their products or services,

promote them through SEO (Search Engine Optimization), and attract customers

without the high costs associated with traditional advertising.

5. Customer Engagement and Communication: Websites offer interactive features like

forms, live chat, and social media integrations, allowing businesses to engage with

their customers in real-time and gather valuable feedback.

6. E-Commerce Growth: With the rise of e-commerce, websites have become

indispensable for businesses that want to sell their products or services online. E-

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commerce websites offer customers the convenience of shopping from anywhere

and provide businesses with an additional revenue stream.

Steps in Designing and Developing a Simple Website

Building a website can be broken down into several steps, from planning to execution.

Here’s a simplified guide to the process of creating a website:

1. Define the Purpose and Goals

Before designing a website, it is crucial to understand its purpose. Is the website meant to

sell products, share information, or provide a service? Defining the goals helps guide the

design and functionality. For example, an e-commerce site will focus on product displays

and smooth transactions, while a blog site will prioritize content readability.

2. Research and Plan

Next, you need to research your target audience and competitors. Understand who your

users are and what they expect from a website in your niche. Planning also involves deciding

on the key features, content, and pages that will be included in your website.

3. Choose a Platform or CMS (Content Management System)

There are several platforms available for building websites, depending on your needs and

technical skills. Popular website-building platforms include:

• WordPress: A versatile platform suitable for blogs, business websites, and e-

commerce. It's user-friendly and has a vast array of plugins and themes.

• Wix or Squarespace: These platforms offer drag-and-drop functionality, making

them ideal for beginners with no coding experience.

• Webflow: A more advanced platform for designers that allows full customization.

Choosing the right platform is crucial, as it determines the level of customization and

scalability of your website.

4. Design the Layout and Structure

Website design involves creating the layout of your web pages. This includes:

• Wireframing: A wireframe is a rough blueprint that shows the layout of the website,

including where elements like navigation, images, text, and buttons will go.

Wireframing helps visualize how the user will interact with the website before

adding actual content

• Navigation: Ensure your website has a clear and intuitive navigation structure. Users

should easily find what they are looking for within a few clicks

• Mobile Responsiveness: In today's world, many users access websites through

mobile devices. Therefore, your website must adapt to different screen sizes, which

is achieved through responsive design

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5. Choose Visual Elements (Typography, Colors, and Images)

Selecting the right colors, typography, and images is essential to creating an engaging and

professional website. Visual design plays a significant role in how users perceive the website

and interact with its content

• Typography: Choose fonts that are easy to read and match your brand’s identity.

Limit the number of different fonts used on the website to maintain consistency.

• Color Scheme: Stick to a cohesive color palette that reflects your brand. Avoid using

too many colors to ensure the design looks clean and professional

• Images and Graphics: High-quality images enhance the visual appeal of your

website. However, they should be optimized to ensure the website loads quickly.

6. Develop the Website

After designing the layout and structure, the next step is to start developing the website.

Development involves coding the website using technologies like HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

You can either code the site from scratch or use the drag-and-drop functionality of website

builders.

• HTML: Defines the structure and content of the website.

• CSS: Controls the visual presentation, such as colors, fonts, and layout.

• JavaScript: Adds interactive features like sliders, pop-ups, and form validation(

7. Optimize for SEO

SEO (Search Engine Optimization) is the process of optimizing your website to rank higher

on search engines like Google. To improve SEO, you need to focus on several factors:

• Keywords: Research and use relevant keywords throughout your website’s content.

• Page Speed: Ensure the website loads quickly, as slow websites rank lower on search

engines.

• Mobile-Friendliness: Google prioritizes websites that are optimized for mobile

devices

8. Test the Website

Before launching the website, it is crucial to test its functionality on different devices and

browsers to ensure it works smoothly. This includes testing for cross-browser compatibility,

checking mobile responsiveness, and ensuring that all forms and interactive elements work

as intended

9. Launch and Maintain the Website

Once testing is complete, you can launch the website. However, the process doesn’t end

there. Regularly updating and maintaining the website is essential to ensure it continues to

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function well and remains secure. Adding fresh content, updating software, and monitoring

analytics are part of maintaining a successful website.

Conclusion

Creating a website is a strategic process that involves planning, design, development, and

maintenance. In today’s digital landscape, websites are indispensable for businesses,

individuals, and organizations alike. They serve as a platform for communication, commerce,

and community engagement, making them an essential tool for reaching a global audience

and staying competitive. By following the steps outlined above, anyone can design and

develop a simple website that meets their needs and goals.

8. Discuss the use of following in HTML script:

(I) Style attributes

(ii) Text formatting elements

(iii) Table tag.

Ans: The Role of Style Attributes, Text Formatting Elements, and Tables in HTML

HTML is the backbone of web design and development. It structures content and allows for

the integration of design elements, interactive features, and data representation. Let’s dive

into three key aspects of HTML that are essential for creating well-structured and visually

appealing web pages: style attributes, text formatting elements, and the table tag.

(I) Style Attributes

The style attribute in HTML is used to apply specific CSS styles to an individual HTML

element. Instead of using a separate stylesheet, you can define CSS properties directly

within an HTML tag. This method is particularly useful for quick styling or when you want to

apply unique styles to specific elements without creating a new class or ID.

Syntax Example:

Html

In the above example, the text inside the tag will appear in blue color with a font size of

20 pixels.

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Advantages:

1. Quick Customization: You can rapidly adjust the style of an element without altering

external stylesheets.

2. Overrides Other Styles: Inline styles (defined by the style attribute) can override

external or internal styles due to higher specificity.

Commonly Used Properties in Style Attributes:

• Color: Changes the text color.

• Font-size: Modifies the size of the text.

• Background-color: Sets the background color for the element.

• Margin/Padding: Adjusts spacing around or inside an element.

However, it is important to note that overusing inline styles can make HTML code cluttered

and difficult to maintain. For large-scale projects, it's better to use external CSS files to

manage styles centrally.

(II) Text Formatting Elements

HTML provides a wide variety of text formatting elements that allow you to control the

appearance of text on your webpage. These elements are designed to highlight, emphasize,

or differentiate text based on its importance or meaning.

Common Text Formatting Elements:

1. (Bold):

o Makes text bold but does not imply any extra importance.

o Example: This text is bold

2. (Important Text):

o Similar to , but it indicates that the text is important.

o Example: This text is important!

3. (Italic):

o Italicizes text, typically used to represent technical terms or thoughts.

o Example: This text is italic

4. (Emphasized Text):

o Similar to , but it adds emphasis, making the text more pronounced in

meaning.

o Example: This text is emphasized

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5. (Highlighted Text):

o Highlights the text in a different background color, similar to a marker.

o Example: This text is highlighted

6. (Smaller Text):

o Displays the text in a smaller font size, often used for disclaimers or

secondary information.

o Example: This is smaller text

7. <del> (Deleted Text):

o Strikes through text, indicating it is removed or no longer relevant.

o Example: <del>This text is deleted</del>

8. (Subscript) and (Superscript):

o Used for mathematical equations, chemical formulas, and footnotes.

o Example: H2O (for water), E = mc2

Each of these elements serves a specific purpose in the hierarchy of content. They not only

enhance readability but also contribute to the semantic meaning of the text, which is

essential for accessibility tools like screen readers. This helps make the web more inclusive

for people with disabilities

(III) Table Tag

HTML tables are a powerful way to organize and display data in a structured format. The

table tag allows you to create rows and columns of data, which is especially useful for

showing information like schedules, reports, and statistical data.

Basic Structure of an HTML Table:

html

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In this example:

• <table>: Defines the table.

• <tr> (Table Row): Represents a row in the table.

• <th> (Table Header): Defines a header cell, which is typically bold and centered.

• <td> (Table Data): Represents the actual data cell within the row.

Common Table Attributes:

1. border: Adds borders around the table and cells.

o Example: <table border="1"> adds a simple border around the table.

2. cellpadding: Adds space between the cell content and its borders.

o Example: <table cellpadding="10"> increases the space around the content

inside each cell.

3. cellspacing: Sets the space between individual cells.

o Example: <table cellspacing="5"> separates cells by 5 pixels.

4. colspan and rowspan: Merge multiple cells horizontally or vertically, respectively.

o colspan="2" allows a cell to span two columns.

o rowspan="2" allows a cell to span two rows.

Example:

html

Copy code

This example creates a simple table with two columns and two rows of data. You can style

tables further using CSS, adding background colors, borders, and hover effects.

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Advanced Features:

1. Nested Tables: You can place a table inside another table, which is useful for

complex data layouts.

2. Responsive Tables: Using CSS and frameworks like Bootstrap, you can create tables

that adjust their layout depending on the screen size.

Tables also support various global and event attributes like class, id, onclick, and more,

allowing for more interactivity and styling possibilities(

Conclusion

HTML’s style attributes, text formatting elements, and table tags are fundamental for

creating organized, styled, and accessible content on the web. Style attributes provide

flexibility for inline customization, text formatting elements give semantic meaning and

enhanced visual appeal to text, and tables offer a structured way to display complex data.

Mastering these elements is key to developing effective and user-friendly web pages.

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